Việc họ và vai trò Trưởng họ thời nay
Dù vật đổi sao dời, thế giới luôn biến động nhưng tới bây giờ, vấn đề huyết thống, dòng họ vẫn là một điều thiêng liêng trong đó có vai trò quan trọng của Tộc trưởng.
Dòng tộc là cộng đồng những người có chung một ông tổ, cùng mang một họ về phía người cha. Dưới góc nhìn di truyền học thì điều này là vô lý, không bình đẳng nam nữ nhưng đó là truyền thống, là quan niệm dân gian cổ truyền tích tụ bao đời, sao mà thay được!
Đứng đầu một họ có Trưởng họ 長族 tức là người con trai thứ nhất của chi thứ nhất hay còn gọi là chi trưởng, ngành trưởng. Những gia tộc ở miền Bắc Việt Nam, trưởng họ do cha truyền con nối. Trường hợp trưởng họ không có con trai thì truyền lại trong nội bộ chi trưởng, không truyền lại cho các chi dưới.Họ lớn có tộc trưởng họ lớn; các chi có trưởng chi.
Người làm trưởng họ phải có phẩm chất, có tư cách đạo đức, được mọi người trong dòng họ tin tưởng, tín nhiệm. Nếu người đó hội đủ các yếu tố: Tâm (心 Hiếu đễ, Hòa kính, trách nhiệm…), Tài (財 khả năng tài chính đủ ăn, đủ chi), Trí (智 hiểu biết về xã hội, về lệ tục, có trình độ, có vị thế trong xã hội, biết sắp xếp công việc), Thể (體 có sức khỏe, xốc vác, minh mẫn) thì gia đình đó hay Chi, Phái đó hoặc toàn Gia tộc sẽ vững vàng đi vào hưng thịnh.
Đây là người Thiên định 天定, không phải do bầu, do cử hay tranh mà được. Nhưng khó ai hội đủ 4T (心財智體) đó nên căn bản nhất vẫn là cái Tâm 心. Tâm sáng, lòng trong thì có thể vượt qua được, xứng là ngọn cờ tập hợp toàn gia, dù có nhiều khó khăn trắc trở. Kéo theo đó, vai trò của Dâu trưởng lại càng quan trọng ở tính Nhẫn, Hiếu, Đễ.
Nếu gặp bậc gia trưởng 族長,兄長 chưa được như ý mà người nào trong họ, trong nhà tỏ ý khinh nhờn thì người đó, nhà đó sớm muộn gì cũng không có hậu vận hanh thông.
Ngược lại, có người tuy thuộc Chi thứ, ngành thứ, là con thứ nhưng nếu hội đủ hay đáp ứng phần nào 4T mà thực sự có Tâm thì rất có vai trò, ảnh hưởng trong dòng họ và khi đó gia trưởng mà biết lắng nghe, tận dụng thì gia tộc sẽ hưng thịnh. Đó là do Đời định 人定! Nếu Thiên định và Nhân định hài hòa thì thật là toàn vẹn!.
Có họ khi Trưởng họ mất, người con cả thay thế được quan viên họ tổ chức Lễ suy tôn. Lễ này tuy đơn giản nhưng mang đậm nét truyền thống. Ngày đó các cụ già, anh em, họ hàng đến dự. Người được suy tôn làm trưởng họ phải cúng bái tổ tiên và ra mắt anh em họ hàng trước khi gánh vác những công việc quan trọng được giao.
Người được suy tôn phải hứa trước bàn thờ tổ tiên là: Hoàn thành tốt trọng trách của người trưởng họ, là người đứng ra giải quyết tất cả những việc trọng đại của dòng họ như cưới xin, ma chay, giải quyết các mối quan hệ trong dòng họ và giữ gìn sự đoàn kết trong dòng họ.
Tộc trưởng có quyền lợi, nghĩa vụ rõ ràng. Trưởng họ có trách nhiệm trông nom nhà thờ họ, tổ chức các kì cúng lễ, chủ trì các nghi lễ lớn trong dòng họ. Ngày trước, họ nào cũng có ruộng hương hoả và tự điền. Nếu sung túc thì thì lễ to, nhà thờ họ lớn, tế khí đầy đủ và ngược lại. Khi vào tế lễ, tộc trưởng đầu còn trẻ tuổi vẫn là chủ tế, các ông chú dẫu cao tuổi vẫn là bồi tế. Nếu nhỏ quá thì một ông chú kế trưởng thay thế, cũng như ông vua trẻ chưa thành niên có phụ chính đại thần.
Người ta có thể thực hiện việc ly khai, tách, hợp một vùng đất, chia phái trong một tôn giáo nhưng không ai bỏ được họ (trừ những trường hợp phải thay, cải họ như đã viết ở điểm 1 phần Mở đầu). Việc thờ cúng Thần 神, Thánh 聖, Phật 佛, Chúa 教主… là đi theo cái tưởng tượng, nó sẽ biến đổi theo thời cuộc và sự nhận thức của mỗi người, của xã hội.
Còn việc thờ cúng Tổ tiên là tâm linh tưởng niệm về cái có thực, ghi nhớ đấng sinh thành. Đồng thời suy cho cùng thì các bậc được tôn xưng là Thánh, Thần, Phật, Chúa đều được gắn với những gương Hiếu thảo. Do đó việc “Họ” sẽ trường tồn, tất nhiên mỗi thời sẽ mỗi khác. Trong việc này vai trò của Gia trưởng rất quan trọng, quan viên họ phải theo.
Việc họ 族事 thời nào cũng quan trọng, nó bao gồm nhiều phần việc khác nhau mà quan trọng là: Giỗ Tổ 忌日肇祖, xây Từ đường 造祠堂, soạn, ghi chép Gia phả 撰家譜, chắp nối họ mạc 寻族氏…Nhưng do nhiều nguyên nhân, qua bao thăng trầm của lịch sử, của dòng tộc, từng Chi và mỗi cá nhân, do “Thuỷ, Hoả, Đạo, Tặc” 水火盜賊 làm cho việc họ bị sao nhãng, vai trò của tộc trưởng có thời mờ nhạt.
Sau những năm tháng cam go, Việt Nam vào thời bình trị, ổn định. Do đó việc khôi phục truyền thống văn hoá lâu đời đã bị xâm hóa nghiêm trọng sau những thời thăng trầm của đất nước là cần thiết. Giữ gìn và phát huy truyền thống gia tộc là giữ lấy cho con cháu đời sau một mảng văn hóa độc đáo gắn liền với đạo hiếu.
Trong tiến trình Đổi mới và khi mà UNESCO lấy ngày 15/5/1994 làm Ngày Quốc tế gia đình và Thủ tướng Chính phủ ra Quyết định Số 72/2001/QĐ-TTg lấy ngày 28/6/2001 là Ngày Gia đình Việt Nam thì vấn đề khơi lại việc họ; tìm lại, soạn Gia phả ở Việt Nam được quan tâm, chú ý rộng rãi hơn.Theo trào lưu chung, đối với mọi người, nhất là với những người xa quê việc tìm về cội nguồn là cần thiết và bức xúc nhằm biết được gốc tích, quan hệ trên dưới, thân sơ…biết ngày giỗ, nơi đặt mồ mả và công tích của tiền nhân.
Nhưng vì “Duy ý chí”, nên phong trào loé lên một thời gian ngắn rồi lụi dần. Trước mắt, họ nào mạnh hay yếu, thành đạt hay suy vi, tình cảm họ hàng gắn bó hay không, tác động tốt xấu tới phong trào chung, còn tuỳ thuộc vào nhiệt tình, khả năng tổ chức lãnh đạo của một số cá nhân, đóng vai trò chủ chốt, chứ chưa có một cơ chế nào bảo đảm sự bền vững lâu dài.
Thời nay ruộng đất thuộc sở hữu toàn dân, không còn ruộng hương hoả, không còn chế độ thu tô, quyền lợi của tộc trưởng hoặc người thay tộc trưởng, đối với tổ tiên và họ hàng cũng tuỳ thuộc vào nhận thức; tâm tư, trình độ hiểu biết, hoàn cảnh sinh sống của từng người, không có một chế độ quy định nào ràng buộc. Có nhiều họ, tộc trưởng ngụ cư hoặc không thoát ly công tác ở phương xa cũng không giao (hoặc không giao được) việc họ cho ai họ chỉ rảnh tay dốc lực khi đã về hưu, nhưng lúc đó sức đã hết cũng chỉ hô không thôi, người ứng cũng khó!. Lại nữa. vì mưu sinh các chi phái, gia đình đâu còn quần cư tại quê gốc mà tản mát nhiều nơi. Ở đâu mà có người còn anh em ruột tại quê thì sự gắn bó còn chặt chẽ, ngược lại thì sẽ mau nhạt phai. Càng mau phai hơn nếu những gia đình đó kinh tế eo hẹp, học hành ít, giao lưu hạn chế!
Không còn ruộng hương hoả của tổ tiên để lại thì con cháu đóng góp tiền gửi vào quỹ tích kiệm để lấy lai hàng năm mà lo hương khói. Song nền kinh tế Việt Nam chưa ổn định, do trượt giá, một vài yếu tố khách quan nữa tác động nên việc họ có lúc lại rơi vào quên lãng. Đa phần, mọi thế hệ đều có những người, tuy khó khăn về nhiều mặt nhưng rất tâm huyết với việc họ.
Đặc biệt là trong việc tạo dựng Từ đường, duy trì cúng giỗ, tưởng niệm Tổ tiên, soạn thảo Gia phả, chắp nối nhận họ. Nhưng do nhiều nguyên nhân, trong đó có vấn đề lực bất tòng tâm 力不從心 và có thành viên còn tỏ ra miễn cưỡng, tự ti, tự ái lẫn nhau đứng ngoài nên việc họ dễ bị đứt quãng.
Đó là nỗi lòng trăn trở của những người tâm huyết muốn khuyếch trương việc họ, muốn làm cho anh linh tổ tiên, cha ông được “mỉm cười nơi chín suối”. Nhưng tất cả còn ở phía trước!.
Trong bối cảnh đó, cần xác định việc Họ là việc làm tự nguyện, công tâm hướng về cội nguồn và là trách nhiệm chung. Mọi quyết định cần bàn bạc dân chủ trên cơ sở thỏa hiệp, tôn trọng ý kiến các bậc Trưởng lão, cần có những quy ước mới về cúng giỗ cho thích hợp. Khi đó, người Trưởng tộc chỉ cần giữ vai trò cố vấn và quyết định những vấn đề thuộc về Việc họ còn mọi việc khác nên tôn trọng tự do của các thành viên,
Cùng với việc đó là việc thường xuyên, liên tục duy trì việc lập Gia phả. Ngày sinh, ngày mất, mộ phần, những công tích của các thành viên trong Họ phải được chép, bổ xung thường xuyên. Việc chắp nối nhận họ, nhận chi trong tông tộc cũng cần được chú trọng. Những điều hay, lẽ phải, việc tốt phải ghi lại, lưu truyền làm gương cho đời sau. Đồng thời việc dở, điều xấu cũng phải chép ra để đời sau thấy thế mà sợ, mà tránh và mỗi thành viên, mỗi đời trong họ đều được hưởng Phúc Mãn Đường 福滿堂, góp phần để cho Đức Lưu Quang 德流光.
Trưởng họ biết tận dụng sức mạnh tổng hợp của toàn họ, biết khơi dậy những Mạnh Thường Quân chắc mọi khó khăn sẽ được tháo gỡ.
Nguồn tin: truongtoc.com.vn
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254 thoughts on “Việc họ và vai trò Trưởng họ thời nay”
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Я оцениваю широкий охват темы в статье.
Эта статья просто великолепна! Она представляет информацию в полном объеме и включает в себя практические примеры и рекомендации. Я нашел ее очень полезной и вдохновляющей. Большое спасибо автору за такую выдающуюся работу!
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Статья помогает читателю разобраться в сложной проблеме, предлагая разные подходы к ее решению.
Статья содержит обоснованные аргументы, которые вызывают дальнейшую рефлексию у читателя.
Статья помогла мне получить глубокое понимание проблемы, о которой я раньше не задумывался.
Автор явно старается сохранить нейтральность и представить множество точек зрения на данную тему.
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Я прочитал эту статью с огромным интересом! Автор умело объединил факты, статистику и персональные истории, что делает ее настоящей находкой. Я получил много новых знаний и вдохновения. Браво!
Статья предлагает обширный обзор темы, представляя разные точки зрения и аргументы.
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Статья помогает читателю получить полное представление о проблеме, рассматривая ее с разных сторон.
Читателям предоставляется возможность самостоятельно сформировать свое мнение на основе представленных фактов.
Я просто не могу не поделиться своим восхищением этой статьей! Она является источником ценных знаний, представленных с таким ясным и простым языком. Спасибо автору за его умение сделать сложные вещи доступными!
Whoa! This blog looks exactly like my old one! It’s on a completely different subject but it has pretty much the same page layout and design. Wonderful choice of colors!
Хорошо, что автор обратил внимание на различные аспекты данной проблемы.
Это помогает читателям осознать сложность проблемы и самостоятельно сформировать свое собственное мнение.
Читатели имеют возможность самостоятельно проанализировать представленные факты и сделать собственные выводы.
Have you ever thought about publishing an ebook or guest authoring on other sites? I have a blog based on the same subjects you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my visitors would value your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to send me an e mail.
Nice blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere? A design like yours with a few simple tweeks would really make my blog jump out. Please let me know where you got your theme. Appreciate it
Автор предлагает анализ плюсов и минусов разных подходов к решению проблемы.
Автор приводит примеры из различных источников, что позволяет получить более полное представление о теме. Статья является нейтральным и информативным ресурсом для тех, кто интересуется данной проблематикой.
Я оцениваю умение автора использовать разнообразные источники, чтобы подкрепить свои утверждения.
Автор старается представить информацию объективно и позволяет читателям самостоятельно сделать выводы.
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Автор предлагает практические советы, которые читатели могут использовать в своей повседневной жизни.
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Статья содержит достоверные факты и сведения, представленные в нейтральной манере.
Why users still make use of to read news papers when in this technological world all is presented on net?
Автор предлагает читателю разные взгляды на проблему, что способствует формированию собственного мнения.
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Я нашел в статье полезные источники, которые могу изучить для получения дополнительной информации.
Мне понравился нейтральный тон статьи, который позволяет читателю самостоятельно сформировать мнение.